Fig. 2

Genome-wide association results for diapause in Australian monarch butterflies. A Example egg development for the three stages used to phenotype adult females as reproductively mature, partially mature, and immature. B Average reproductive development scores for maternal families. Average scores were significantly more skewed than expected by chance (orange line). C Quantile–quantile plot for association results showing a few strong outliers but otherwise conformance to the expected distribution of p-values. D Manhattan plot showing the strength of association with reproductive status genome-wide. Values above the upper, blue line indicate significant associations after false discovery rate p-value adjustment