Table 4 Summary of means, standard deviations (SD), sample numbers (N), mean mid-parental values (MPV) for thirteen morphological traits in C. penicillata x C. jacchus hybrids (PJ). The “P-values of t-Tests between MPV and Hybrid Means” column shows p-values from t-tests between PJ hybrids and the MPV. The “P-values of t-Tests between Parental and Hybrid Means:PJ-J” column represents Welch’s t-tests p-values between C. jacchus and PJ hybrids. The “P-values of t-Tests between Parental and Hybrid Means:PJ-P” column represents p-values for Welch’s t-tests between C. penicillata and PJ hybrids. Significant p-values are indicated as “*” for p-value<0.05, “**” for p-value<0.01, and “***” p-value<0.001. “Cm” refers to centimeters, “mm” to millimeters, and “g” to grams

BODY: Body length (cm)

54

21.3

2.7

20.4

*

**

0.472

Heterosis

FEMUR: Femur length (cm)

54

5.8

0.6

5.6

0.100

0.074

0.921

C. penicillata-like

FO: Fronto-Occipital Distance (mm)

49

39.2

3.1

39.8

0.255

0.523

0.259

Smaller than C. jacchus and C. penicillata

FOOT: Foot Length (mm)

54

54.4

5.1

54.4

0.932

0.793

0.837

Intermediate

FOREARM: Distance Wrist to Elbow (cm)

54

4.6

0.5

4.5

0.099

0.129

0.498

C. penicillata-like

HAND (mm): Distance Wrist to Tip of Longest Finger

50

34.4

3.6

35.3

0.094

0.221

0.330

Smaller than C. jacchus and C. penicillata

HUMERUS: Humerus Length (cm)

54

4.7

0.7

4.6

0.421

0.756

0.418

C. jacchus-like

IC: Intercranial Distance (mm)

54

28.9

2.2

27.9

**

**

0.229

Heterosis

JAW: Width of the Jaw (mm)

53

23.7

4.2

22.6

0.060

0.073

0.236

Larger than C. penicillata and C. jacchus

TAIL: Tail Length (cm)

52

28.7

2.4

27.5

***

0.069

0.061

Heterosis

TIBIA: Tibia Length (cm)

54

6.7

0.6

6.5

0.119

0.495

0.189

Larger than C. jacchus and C. penicillata

WEIGHT: Weight (g)

53

317.9

73.2

315.5

0.808

0.766

0.485

Intermediate

ZYG: Maximal zygomatic breadth (mm)

53

29.1

2.4

28.6

0.168

0.364

0.235

Larger than C. jacchus and C. penicillata