Fig. 1

Pattern of Frullania disparity (the morphospace reconstructed by the first two PC components) and proportion of local morphospace occupied by endemic species (bars) in each of 19 world biogeographic regions defined by van der Wijk et al. [49] and Tan & Pócs [50]. a. The geographical scheme used in this study includes 19 regions: Europe (EUR), northern Africa (AF1), continental sub-Saharan Africa (AF2), Mascarene Islands (AF3), continental southern Africa (AF4), northern Asia (AS1), eastern Asia (AS2), southern Asia (AS3), southwestern Asia (AS4), western Asia (AS5), eastern North America (AM1), Central America (AM2), Caribbean islands (AM3), northern South America (AM4), Brazil (AM5), southern South America (AM6), Australia (AU1), New Zealand (AU2), and Oceania (OC). b. The regional morphospace reconstructed by the first two components PC1 and PC2. Both PC scores account for 81.97% of the total variance. Symbols represent 244 taxa in each graph. The dots in each figure were graphed using (x, y) with x corresponding to PC1 and y to PC2 scores. Black dots, species occurring in the highlighted geographical region; grey dots, all remaining sampled species. c. Morphological disparity and species diversity (endemic diversity in parentheses) in each 19 world geographical regions. Blue bars: the sum of the maximum distance using the first five PC scores and the original sampling. Yellow bars: the sum of the maximum distance using the first five PC scores and the pruned sampling with inclusion of exclusively endemics