Table 5 Environmental and human activity characteristics in the three study sites (LLA, MSA, and ISA) in Cat Ba National Park

17.23 ± 10.71

13.70 ± 9.67^a

19.02 ± 10.38^b

21.85 ± 10.62^c

44.49 ± 31.62

22.71 ± 23.02^a

56.71 ± 22.84^b

71.99 ± 23.07^c

75.33 ± 38.92

78.06 ± 37.02^b

66.57 ± 37.40^a

78.35 ± 42.30^b

61.78 ± 38.77

75.89 ± 40.24^b

51.97 ± 31.25^a

45.67 ± 32.84^a

9.59 ± 15.95

11.31 ± 19.83^b

10.75 ± 14.96^b

5.50 ± 3.77^a

8.98 ± 5.72

5.98 ± 5.26^a

11.06 ± 4.40^b

12.41 ± 4.72^c

31.45 ± 12.86

32.40 ± 11.26^b

24.75 ± 7.35^a

35.76 ± 16.55^c

40.10 ± 8.18

41.95 ± 7.35^b

41.73 ± 5.48^b

35.37 ± 9.62^a

28.45 ± 9.48

25.64 ± 10.47^a

33.52 ± 5.25^c

28.86 ± 8.61^b

3.11 ± 1.49

2.67 ± 1.32^a

2.76 ± 1.24^a

4.20 ± 1.44^b

5.10 ± 0.56

4.79 ± 0.50^a

5.40 ± 0.53^b

5.39 ± 0.36^b

5.01 ± 2.11

5.12 ± 1.98^b

4.58 ± 1.97^a

5.20 ± 2.38^b

6.92 ± 1.53

6.12 ± 1.43^a

7.33 ± 1.11^b

7.96 ± 1.22^c

58.88 ± 11.66

55.34 ± 12.09^a

62.78 ± 11.11^b

61.64 ± 9.31^b

11.44 ± 6.19

10.68 ± 5.63^a

12.14 ± 7.79^b

12.15 ± 5.31^b

9.17 ± 6.40

8.21 ± 2.75^a

10.37 ± 11.68^b

9.81 ± 3.39^b

10.55 ± 5.95

9.65 ± 4.40^a

11.54 ± 9.08^b

11.25 ± 4.38^b

13.70 ± 8.43

12.26 ± 6.23^a

14.99 ± 12.99^b

15.08 ± 5.81^b

13.63 ± 8.36

12.22 ± 6.1^a

14.85 ± 12.98^b

15.04 ± 5.70^b

3.09 ± 0.50

3.12 ± 0.35^b

3.17 ± 0.71^b

2.98 ± 0.50^a

6.43 ± 2.43

6.18 ± 1.51^a

6.35 ± 2.70^a

6.95 ± 3.28^b

1.19 ± 0.45

1.25 ± 0.43^b

1.17 ± 0.57^a

1.11 ± 0.31^a

0.11 ± 0.31

0.21 ± 0.41^b

0.02 ± 0.15^a

0.00 ± 0.00^a

0.65 ± 1.42

0.54 ± 1.16^a

0.33 ± 2.03^b

1.22 ± 0.95^a